M'mapepala osindikizidwa posachedwa, ofufuza ayerekeza kuchuluka kwa kugwa kwa supernova core mu Milky Way kukhala zochitika 1.63 ± 0.46 pazaka zana. Chifukwa chake, chifukwa cha chochitika chomaliza cha supernova, SN 1987A idawonedwa zaka 35 zapitazo mu 1987, chochitika chotsatira cha supernova mu Milky Way chikuyembekezeka posachedwapa.
Njira ya moyo a nyenyezi & supernova
Pa nthawi ya mabiliyoni a zaka, nyenyezi amakumana ndi moyo, amabadwa, amakalamba ndipo pamapeto pake amafa ndi kuphulika komanso kubalalitsidwa kwa zinthu za nyenyezi mu interstellar. danga ngati fumbi kapena mtambo.
Moyo wa a nyenyezi imayambira mu nebula (mtambo wa fumbi, haidrojeni, helium ndi mpweya wina wa ionized) pamene kugwa kwamphamvu yokoka kwa mtambo waukulu kumayambitsa protostar. Izi zikupitilira kukula ndi kuchuluka kwa gasi ndi fumbi mpaka kufika pachimake chomaliza. Misa yomaliza ya nyenyezi imatsimikizira nthawi ya moyo wake komanso zimene zidzachitikira nyenyezi m’moyo wake.
onse nyenyezi amapeza mphamvu zawo ku nyukiliya fusion. Kuwotcha kwamafuta a nyukiliya pachimake kumapangitsa kuti pakhale mphamvu yakunja chifukwa cha kutentha kwakukulu kwapakati. Izi zimalinganiza mphamvu yokoka ya mkati. Kulinganiza kumasokonekera pamene mafuta ali pachimake amatha. Kutentha kumatsika, kuthamanga kwakunja kumachepa. Zotsatira zake, mphamvu yokoka ya kufinya kwamkati kumakhala kolamulira ndikukakamiza pachimake kuti chikoke ndi kugwa. Zomwe nyenyezi pamapeto pake zimathera ngati itagwa zimatengera kuchuluka kwa nyenyeziyo. Pankhani ya nyenyezi zazikulu kwambiri, pachimake chikagwera m'kanthawi kochepa, zimapangitsa mafunde amphamvu kwambiri. Kuphulika kwamphamvu, kowalako kumatchedwa supernova.
Chochitika chosakhalitsa cha zakuthambochi chimachitika panthawi yomaliza ya nyenyezi ndikusiya zotsalira za supernova. Kutengera ndi kuchuluka kwa nyenyezi, chotsaliracho chikhoza kukhala nyenyezi ya neutroni kapena a dzenje lakuda.
SN 1987A, supernova yomaliza
otsiriza supernova chochitika chinali SN 1987A chomwe chinawoneka kum'mwera kwa mlengalenga zaka 35 zapitazo mu February 1987. Inali chochitika choyamba cha supernova chowoneka ndi maso kuyambira Kepler's mu 1604. Ili pafupi ndi Large Magellanic Cloud (satellite). Mlalang'amba Mlalang’amba wa Milky Way), inali imodzi mwa nyenyezi zonyezimira kwambiri zimene zaoneka m’zaka zoposa 400 zimene zinawala ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa 100 miliyoni kwa miyezi ingapo ndipo zinapereka mpata wapadera wophunzirira zigawozo zisanachitike, mkati, ndi pambuyo pa imfa ya dzuŵa. nyenyezi.
Kuphunzira za supernova ndikofunikira
Kuphunzira za supernova kumathandiza m'njira zingapo monga kuyeza mtunda danga, kumvetsetsa kukula chilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe cha nyenyezi monga mafakitale a zinthu zonse zomwe zimapanga chirichonse (kuphatikizapo ife) chopezeka mu chilengedwe. Zinthu zolemera kwambiri zomwe zidapangidwa chifukwa cha kuphatikizika kwa zida za nyukiliya (za zinthu zopepuka) mkatikati mwa nyenyezi komanso zinthu zomwe zidangopangidwa kumene pakugwa kwapakati zimagawidwa ponseponse. danga pa kuphulika kwa supernova. Ma supernovas amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakugawa zinthu padziko lonse lapansi chilengedwe.
Tsoka ilo, sipanakhalepo mwayi wambiri m'mbuyomu wowonera ndikuphunzira kuphulika kwa supernova mwatcheru. Kuyang'anitsitsa ndi kuphunzira za kuphulika kwa supernova mkati mwa nyumba yathu Mlalang'amba Milky Way ingakhale yodabwitsa chifukwa kafukufukuyu sakanatheka kuchitidwa m'ma laboratories Padziko Lapansi. Chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kuzindikira supernova ikangoyamba. Koma, munthu angadziwe bwanji pamene kuphulika kwa supernova kuli pafupi kuyamba? Kodi pali njira yochenjezeratu yoletsa kuphulika kwa supernova?
Neutrino, chowunikira cha kuphulika kwa supernova
Kumapeto kwa njira ya moyo, pamene nyenyezi imachoka ku zinthu zopepuka monga mafuta a kuphatikizika kwa nyukiliya komwe kumaipatsa mphamvu, mphamvu yokoka ya mkati imalamulira ndipo zigawo zakunja za nyenyezi zimayamba kugwera mkati. Pakatikati pake amayamba kugwa ndipo mu ma milliseconds ochepa pachimake chimakanikizidwa kwambiri kotero kuti ma electron ndi ma protoni amaphatikizana kupanga ma neutroni ndipo neutrino imatulutsidwa pa neutroni iliyonse yomwe imapangidwa.
Manyutroni amapangidwa motero amapanga nyenyezi ya proto-neutroni mkati mwa nyenyezi pomwe nyenyezi yotsalayo imagwera pansi pa mphamvu yokoka yamphamvu ndikubwerera m'mbuyo. Kugwedezeka komwe kumachitika kumasokoneza nyenyezi ndikusiya chotsalira chokhacho (nyenyezi ya neutron kapena dzenje lakuda malingana ndi kuchuluka kwa nyenyezi) kumbuyo ndi kutsala kwa unyinji wa nyenyeziyo kumabalalika pakati pa nyenyezi danga.
Kuphulika kwakukulu kwa neutrinos opangidwa chifukwa cha mphamvu yokoka-kugwa kwapakati kuthawira kunja danga chosalephereka chifukwa cha kusagwirizana kwake ndi zinthu. Pafupifupi 99% ya mphamvu yokoka imatuluka ngati ma neutrinos (patsogolo pa mafotoni omwe atsekeredwa m'munda) ndipo amakhala ngati chowunikira cholepheretsa kuphulika kwa supernova. Ma neutrinos awa amatha kugwidwa padziko lapansi ndi zowonera za neutrino zomwe zimakhala ngati chenjezo lachangu la kuphulika kwa supernova posachedwa.
Ma neutrinos othawa amaperekanso zenera lapadera la zochitika zazikulu mkati mwa nyenyezi yomwe ikuphulika zomwe zingakhale ndi tanthauzo pakumvetsetsa mphamvu zoyambira ndi zoyambira.
Supernova Early Warning System (SNEW)
Pa nthawi yomaliza kugwa kwa supernova (SN1987A), chodabwitsachi chidawonedwa ndi maso. Ma neutrinos adazindikiridwa ndi zowunikira ziwiri zamadzi za Cherenkov, Kamiokande-II ndi kuyesa kwa Irvine-MichiganBrookhaven (IMB) komwe kudawona zochitika 19 zakulumikizana kwa neutrino. Komabe, kuzindikira kwa neutrinos kumatha kukhala ngati nyali kapena alamu yolepheretsa kuyang'ana kwa supernova. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, malo osiyanasiyana oonera zinthu zakuthambo komanso akatswiri a zakuthambo sankatha kuchitapo kanthu pa nthawi yake kuti aphunzire ndi kusonkhanitsa deta.
Kuyambira 1987, sayansi ya zakuthambo ya neutrino yapita patsogolo kwambiri. Tsopano, makina ochenjeza a supernova a SNWatch ali m'malo mwake omwe adakonzedwa kuti azilira alamu kwa akatswiri ndi mabungwe oyenerera ponena za kuoneka kwa supernova. Ndipo, pali maukonde a neutrino observatories padziko lonse lapansi, otchedwa Supernova Early Warning System (SNEWS) omwe amaphatikiza ma sigino kuti apititse patsogolo chidaliro pakuzindikiridwa. Zomwe zimachitika nthawi zonse zimadziwitsidwa ku seva yapakati ya SNEWS ndi zowunikira payokha. Kuphatikiza apo, SNEWS idasinthidwa kukhala SNEWS 2.0 posachedwa zomwe zimatulutsanso machenjezo odzidalira.
Supernova Yoyandikira ku Milkyway
Zowonera za Neutrino zomwe zafalikira padziko lonse lapansi zikufuna kuzindikira koyamba ma neutrinos chifukwa cha kugwa kwamphamvu kwa nyenyezi m'nyumba mwathu. Mlalang'amba. Chifukwa chake, kupambana kwawo kumadalira kwambiri kuchuluka kwa supernova core kugwa mu Milky Way.
M'mapepala ofalitsidwa posachedwapa, ochita kafukufuku awonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa supernova core kugwa mu Milky Way kukhala 1.63 ± 0.46 zochitika pazaka 100; pafupifupi pafupifupi supernovae imodzi kapena ziwiri pazaka zana. Kupitilira apo, kuyerekeza kukuwonetsa kuti nthawi yotalikirapo pakati pa kugwa kwamphamvu kwambiri mu Milky Way ikhoza kukhala pakati pa zaka 47 mpaka 85.
Chifukwa chake, chifukwa cha chochitika chomaliza cha supernova, SN 1987A idawonedwa zaka 35 zapitazo, chochitika chotsatira cha supernova mu Milky Way chikuyembekezeka posachedwapa. Ndi ma neutrino observatories olumikizidwa kuti azindikire kuphulika koyambirira komanso njira yowongolera ya Supernova Early Warning System (SNEW) m'malo mwake, asayansi atha kuyang'anitsitsa zochitika zowopsa zomwe zikugwirizana ndi kuphulika kwa supernova kwa nyenyezi yakufa. Ichi chikanakhala chochitika chofunika kwambiri komanso mwayi wapadera wophunzira magawo a nyenyezi asanamwalire, nthawi, komanso pambuyo pa imfa ya nyenyezi kuti mumvetse bwino za chilengedwe.
***
Sources:
- The Fireworks Way, NGC 6946: Zomwe Zimapanga Izi Way ndiye Special? Sayansi ya ku Ulaya. Yolembedwa pa Januware 11, 2021. Ipezeka pa http://scientificeuropean.co.uk/sciences/space/the-fireworks-galaxy-ngc-6946-what-make-this-galaxy-so-special/
- Scholberg K. 2012. Kuzindikira kwa Supernova Neutrino. Preprint axRiv. Likupezeka pa https://arxiv.org/pdf/1205.6003.pdf
- Kharusi S Al, Et al 2021. SNEWS 2.0: m'badwo wotsatira wa supernova wochenjeza koyambirira kwa zakuthambo za amithenga ambiri. New Journal of Physics, Volume 23, Marichi 2021. 031201. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/abde33
- Rozwadowskaab K., Vissaniab F., ndi Cappellaroc E., 2021. Pa mlingo wa core collapse supernovae mu milky way. New Astronomy Volume 83, February 2021, 101498. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.newast.2020.101498. Preprint axRiv ikupezeka pa https://arxiv.org/pdf/2009.03438.pdf
- Murphey, CT, Et al 2021. Mbiri ya Umboni: kugawidwa kwa mlengalenga, kuzindikirika, ndi mitengo ya maliseche a Milky Way supernovae. Zidziwitso za Mwezi ndi Mwezi za Royal Astronomical Society, Voliyumu 507, Kutulutsidwa 1, Okutobala 2021, Masamba 927-943, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab2182. Preprint axRiv Ikupezeka pa https://arxiv.org/pdf/2012.06552.pdf
***
