Pakati pa 1958 ndi 1978, USA ndi USSR wakale anatumiza maulendo 59 ndi 58 mwezi motsatira. Kuthamanga kwa mwezi pakati pa awiriwa kunatha mu 1978. Kutha kwa nkhondo yozizira ndi kugwa kwa dziko lomwe kale linali Soviet Union ndi kutuluka kwa dongosolo latsopano la mayiko osiyanasiyana padziko lonse lapansi kwawona chidwi chatsopano pa maulendo a mwezi. Tsopano, kuwonjezera pa omenyera achikhalidwe USA ndi Russia, maiko ambiri monga Japan, China, India, UAE, Israel, ESA, Luxembourg ndi Italy ali ndi mapulogalamu oyendera mwezi. USA ikulamulira munda. Mwa omwe adalowa kumene, China ndi India achitapo kanthu mwachangu ndipo ali ndi mapulogalamu apamwamba a mwezi mogwirizana ndi anzawo. NASA Ntchito ya Artemis ikufuna kukhazikitsanso kukhalapo kwa anthu pamwezi ndikukhazikitsa maziko a mwezi / zomangamanga posachedwa. China ndi India alinso ndi mapulani ofanana. Zokonda zatsopano pamishoni za mwezi ndi mayiko ambiri zimayendetsedwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mchere wamwezi, madzi oundana ndi madzi oundana. danga mphamvu (makamaka dzuwa) yakuya danga kukhala kwa anthu ndikuwonjezera zosowa zamagetsi pakukula kwachuma chapadziko lonse lapansi. Mkangano wanzeru pakati pa osewera ofunikira ukhoza kutha danga mikangano ndi zida za danga.
Kuyambira 1958 pamene woyamba mwezi ntchito Apainiya 0 idakhazikitsidwa ndi USA, pakhala pafupifupi 137 mwezi mishoni mpaka pano. Pakati pa 1958 ndi 1978, USA inatumiza maulendo 59 ku mwezi pamene dziko lomwe kale linali Soviet Union linayambitsa maulendo 58 a mwezi, kuphatikizapo 85% ya maulendo onse a mwezi. Unali kutchedwa “mtundu wa mwezi” kutanthauza kupambana. Maiko awiriwa adawonetsa bwino zochitika zazikulu za "kutsika pang'onopang'ono kwa mwezi" ndi "kubwereranso kwachitsanzo". NASA adapita patsogolo ndikuwonetsanso "kutha kwa ogwira ntchito" nawonso. USA idakhalabe dziko lokhalo lomwe lawonetsa luso la utumwi wa mwezi.
Pambuyo pa 1978, panali bata kwazaka zopitilira khumi. Palibe ntchito ya mwezi yomwe idatumizidwa, ndipo "mwezi mtundu” pakati pa USA ndi USSR wakale unatha.
Mu 1990, mishoni za mwezi zinayambanso ndi pulogalamu ya ku Japan ya MUSES. Pakalipano, kuwonjezera pa adani achikhalidwe USA ndi Russia (monga wolowa m'malo wa USSR yakale yomwe idagwa mu 1991); Japan, China, India, UAE, Israel, ESA, Luxembourg ndi Italy ali ndi mapulogalamu oyendera mwezi. Mwa awa, China ndi India apita patsogolo kwambiri pamapulogalamu awo a mwezi.
Pulogalamu yoyendera mwezi ku China idayamba mu 2007 ndikukhazikitsa Chang'e 1. Mu 2013, ntchito ya Chang'e 3 idawonetsa kuthekera kotera mofewa kwa China. Ntchito yomaliza ya mwezi wa China Chang'e 5 idakwaniritsa "chitsanzo chobwezera" mu 2020. Pakalipano, China ikukonzekera kukhazikitsa antchito mwezi ntchito. Pulogalamu ya mwezi wa India, kumbali ina, idayamba mu 2008 ndi Chandrayaan 1. Pambuyo pa kusiyana kwa zaka 11, Chandrayaan 2 idakhazikitsidwa mu 2019 koma cholinga ichi sichinathe kukwaniritsa kutsika kofewa kwa mwezi. Pa 23rd Ogasiti 2023, wokwera mwezi wa India Vikram of Chandrayaan-3 mission mofewa mofewa inatera pamtunda wautali wa mwezi kumwera pole. Umenewu unali ulendo woyamba wa mwezi kukatera kum'mwera kwa mwezi. Ndi izi, India idakhala dziko lachinayi (pambuyo pa USA, Russia ndi China) kuti likhale ndi mphamvu zofewa za mwezi.
Kuchokera mu 1990 pamene maulendo a mwezi anayambiranso, maulendo 47 atumizidwa ku mwezi pakadali pano. Zaka khumi izi (ie, 2020s) zokha zawona kale maulendo 19 a mwezi. Osewera akuluakulu ali ndi zolinga zazikulu. NASA ikufuna kumanga maziko a maziko ndi zida zofananira ndi mwezi kuti akhazikitsenso kupezeka kwa anthu pamwezi mu 2025 pansi pa pulogalamu ya Artemis mogwirizana ndi Canada, ESA ndi India. Russia yalengezedwa kuti ikhalabe pampikisano wamwezi pambuyo polephera ntchito yake yaposachedwa ya Luna 25. China ikuyenera kutumiza anthu ogwira ntchito ndipo ili ndi mapulani okhazikitsa malo opangira kafukufuku kumwera kwa mwezi pofika 2029 mogwirizana ndi Russia. Ntchito ya Chandrayaan yaku India imatengedwa ngati mwala wolowera Zithunzi za ISRO tsogolo interplanetary mishoni. Ena angapo amtundu danga mabungwe akuyesetsa kukwaniritsa zofunikira za mwezi. Zachidziwikire, pali chidwi chatsopano pamishoni za mwezi ndichifukwa chake malingaliro a "Lunar Race 2.0"
Kodi n'chifukwa chiyani mayiko analimbikitsanso chidwi pa maulendo a mwezi?
Mishoni ku mwezi amaonedwa ngati steppingstones kupita interplanetary mishoni. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa zinthu za mwezi kumakhala kofunika kwambiri m'tsogolomu danga (mwayi wa kutha kwa misa mtsogolo chifukwa cha masoka achilengedwe monga kuphulika kwa chiphala chamoto kapena kugunda kwa asteroid kapena chifukwa cha zinthu zopangidwa ndi anthu monga kusintha kwa nyengo kapena mikangano ya nyukiliya kapena zachilengedwe sizingathetsedwe. Kufalikira ku danga kukhala ambiridziko mitundu ndi yofunika kuiganizira kwa nthawi yayitali pamaso pa anthu. NASA Pulogalamu ya Artemis ndi imodzi mwazomwe zikuyamba kutsata utsamunda wamtsogolo wa danga). Chakuya danga kukhala kwa anthu kudzadalira kwambiri kupezeka kwa luso logwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zakuthambo ndi minerals mu solar system kuti zithandizire ndikusunga utumwi ndi danga malo okhala1.
Monga thupi lakumwamba lapafupi, mwezi imapereka zabwino zambiri. Ili ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mchere ndi zinthu zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga ma propellants danga zoyendera, malo opangira magetsi adzuwa, mafakitale opanga mafakitale ndi nyumba zokhalamo anthu2. Madzi ndi ofunikira kwambiri pakukhala anthu kwanthawi yayitali danga. Pali umboni wotsimikizika wa madzi ayezi m'madera a polar mwezi3 zomwe maziko a mwezi amtsogolo angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuthandizira kukhala kwa anthu. Madzi amathanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma rocket propellants kwanuko pa mwezi zomwe zipangitsa kufufuza malo kukhala kopanda ndalama. Chifukwa cha mphamvu yokoka yake yotsika, mwezi ikhoza kukhala malo otsegulira bwino kwambiri a mishoni Mars ndi matupi ena akumwamba.
Moon ilinso ndi kuthekera kwakukulu kwa "mphamvu zakuthambo" (mwachitsanzo, mphamvu zakuthambo) zomwe zimalonjeza njira yopititsira patsogolo zosowa zamphamvu zakukula kwachuma chapadziko lonse lapansi (kudzera kuphatikizira mphamvu wamba pa Dziko Lapansi) komanso kufunikira kwa mlengalenga wakunja. gwero la mphamvu zofufuzira malo amtsogolo. Chifukwa chosowa mpweya ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa kochuluka, mwezi ndi abwino kwambiri kukhazikitsa malo opangira magetsi oyendera dzuwa osadalira chilengedwe cha dziko lapansi chomwe chingapereke mphamvu zotsika mtengo komanso zoyera ku chuma cha padziko lonse. Osonkhanitsa pa mwezi amatha kusintha kuwala kwa dzuwa kukhala microwave kapena laser yomwe imatha kutumizidwa kwa olandila zochokera ku Earth kuti asinthe kukhala magetsi.4,5.
Mapologalamu ochita bwino a zakuthambo amamangiriza nzika pamodzi, kulimbikitsa kukonda dziko lako ndipo zakhala magwero a kunyada ndi kukonda dziko lako. Mishoni za Lunar ndi Martian zathandizanso mayiko kufunafuna ndikupezanso mphamvu mumagulu a mayiko makamaka mu dongosolo latsopano la mayiko ambiri kuyambira kumapeto kwa nkhondo yozizira ndi kugwa kwa USSR. Pulogalamu ya mwezi wa China ndi chitsanzo6.
Mwina, m'modzi mwa oyendetsa mpikisano wa mwezi 2.0 ndi mpikisano wanzeru pakati pa United States ndi China yomwe ikufuna kulamulira dziko latsopano. Pali mbali ziwiri zazikulu za mpikisano: "ogwira ntchito Mars mautumiki pamodzi ndi makampu a mwezi" ndi "zida za malo" zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zida zopangira zida / chitetezo.7. Lingaliro la umwini wamba wa mlengalenga mwina lingatsutsidwe ndi Artemi mwezi ntchito8 adachita upainiya ndi USA ndi mnzake wapadziko lonse lapansi monga Canada, ESA ndi India. China yakonzanso ntchito yofananira ya ogwira ntchito komanso malo ofufuzira pa mwezi wakum'mwera mogwirizana ndi Russia. Chochititsa chidwi, Chandrayaan 3 yaku India posachedwapa idatera pamtunda wakumwera. Pali zisonyezo za mgwirizano pakati pa India ndi Japan pamishoni zam'tsogolo zamwezi.
Mpikisano waukatswiri wapakati pa ochita masewerawa komanso mikangano yomwe ikuchulukirachulukira pazifukwa zina (monga mikangano ya malire a China ndi India, Japan, Taiwan ndi mayiko ena) imatha kuyambitsa mikangano yamlengalenga ndi zida zakuthambo. Ukadaulo wapamlengalenga uli ndi chilengedwe chogwiritsa ntchito pawiri ndipo utha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida zamlengalenga. Laser zida za mlengalenga9 zingasokoneze kwambiri mtendere ndi mgwirizano wapadziko lonse.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.29198/scieu/2308271
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Zothandizira:
- Ambrose WA, Reilly JF, ndi Peters DC, 2013. Energy Resources for Human Settlement in the Solar System ndi Earth's Future in Space. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1306/M1011336
- Ambrose WA 2013. Kufunika kwa Lunar Water Ice ndi Zida Zina Zamchere kwa Rocket Propellants ndi Kukhazikika kwa Anthu a Mwezi. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1306/13361567M1013540
- Li S., Et al 2018. Umboni wachindunji wa madzi oundana owonekera pamtunda m'madera a mwezi wa polar. Earth, Atmospheric, ndi Planetary Sciences. Ogasiti 20, 2018, 115 (36) 8907-8912. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1802345115
- Criswell DR 2013. The Sun-Moon-Earth Solar-electric Power System Kuti Athandize Kulemera Kopanda Malire kwa Anthu. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1306/13361570M1013545 & Lunar Solar Power System DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/45.489729
- Zhang T., Et al 2021. Unikaninso za mphamvu zakumlengalenga. Applied Energy Volume 292, 15 June 2021, 116896. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116896
- Lagerkvist J., 2023. Kukhulupirika ku Fuko: Kufufuza kwa Lunar ndi Martian kwa Ukulu Wosatha. Idasindikizidwa pa Ogasiti 22, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-40037-7_4
- Zanidis T., 2023. The New Space Race: Pakati pa Mphamvu Zazikulu Zanthawi Yathu. Vol. 4 No. 1 (2023): HAPSc Policy Briefs Series. Lofalitsidwa: Jun 29, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12681/hapscpbs.35187
- Hanssen, SGL 2023. Cholinga cha Mwezi: Kuwona Kufunika kwa Geopolitical Programme ya Artemis. UiT Munin. Likupezeka pa https://hdl.handle.net/10037/29664
- Adkison, TCL 2023. Laser Weaponization Technologies of Space Systems mu Outer Space Warfare: Phunziro Loyenera. Colorado Technical University Dissertations. Likupezeka pa https://www.proquest.com/openview/a982160c4a95f6683507078a7f3c946a/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y
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