Tinthu tating'onoting'ono tophunzira za "Chilengedwe choyambirira kwambiri": Muon collider adawonetsa

Ma particle accelerators amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida zofufuzira pophunzira chilengedwe choyambirira kwambiri. Ma Hadron Collider (makamaka CERN's Large Hadron Collider LHC) ndi ma elekitironi-positron omwe amawombana ndi omwe ali patsogolo pakufufuza zakuthambo koyambirira kwambiri. Mayesero a ATLAS ndi CMS ku Large Hadron Collider (LHC) adachita bwino kupeza Higgs boson mu 2012. Muon collider ingakhale yogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu maphunziro otere komabe sizowona. Ofufuza tsopano achita bwino kuthamangitsa muon wabwino mpaka pafupifupi 4% ya liwiro la kuwala. Aka ndi koyamba kuzirala komanso kufulumira kwa muon padziko lapansi. Monga umboni wa lingaliro, izi zimatsegula njira yokwaniritsira ma muon accelerator posachedwa.  

Chilengedwe choyambirira chikuphunziridwa ndi James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Podzipereka pophunzira za chilengedwe choyambirira, JWST imachita izi potenga zizindikiro za kuwala/zowonekera kuchokera ku nyenyezi zoyamba ndi milalang'amba yomwe idapangidwa mu Chilengedwe Pambuyo pa Big Bang. Posachedwapa, JWST idapeza bwino mlalang'amba wakutali kwambiri wa JADES-GS-z14-0 wopangidwa m'chilengedwe choyambirira pafupifupi zaka 290 miliyoni pambuyo pa Big Bang.  

Pali magawo atatu a chilengedwe - nyengo ya radiation, nyengo ya zinthu ndi nthawi yamakono ya mphamvu yamdima. Kuchokera ku Big Bang mpaka zaka pafupifupi 50,000, chilengedwe chinali cholamulidwa ndi cheza. Izi zinatsatiridwa ndi nthawi ya nkhani. Mlalang'amba wa nyengo ya zinthu zomwe zidakhala zaka pafupifupi 200 miliyoni pambuyo pa Big Bang mpaka zaka pafupifupi 3 biliyoni kuchokera ku Big Bang zidadziwika ndi kupangidwa kwa zinthu zazikulu ngati milalang'amba. Nthawi imeneyi imatchedwa "chilengedwe choyambirira" chomwe JWST imaphunzira.  

“Chilengedwe choyambirira kwambiri” chimasonya ku gawo lakale kwambiri la chilengedwe chitangochitika Kuphulika Kwakukulu pamene kunali kotentha kwambiri ndipo kunali kolamuliridwa kotheratu ndi cheza. Plank epoch ndi nthawi yoyamba ya nyengo ya radiation yomwe idachokera ku Big Bang mpaka 10.^-43 s. Ndi kutentha kwa 10³² K, chilengedwe chinali chotentha kwambiri panthawiyi. Nyengo ya Planck inatsatiridwa ndi nyengo za Quark, Lepton, ndi Nuclear; zonse zinali zosakhalitsa koma zodziwika ndi kutentha kwapamwamba kwambiri komwe kunachepa pang'onopang'ono pamene chilengedwe chinkafutukuka.  

Kuphunzira molunjika kwa gawo loyambirira la chilengedwe sikutheka. Zomwe zingachitike ndikukonzanso zomwe zidachitika mphindi zitatu zoyambirira za chilengedwe pambuyo pa Big Bang mu ma particle accelerators. Deta yopangidwa ndi kugunda kwa particles mu accelerators / colliders imapereka zenera losalunjika ku chilengedwe choyambirira kwambiri.  

Colliders ndi zida zofunika kwambiri zofufuzira mu particle physics. Izi ndi makina ozungulira kapena ozungulira omwe amafulumizitsa tinthu tothamanga kwambiri pafupi ndi liwiro la kuwala ndikuwalola kugundana ndi tinthu tating'ono tating'ono tomwe timachokera mbali ina kapena kutsutsana ndi chandamale. Kugundaku kumapangitsa kutentha kwambiri motsatira ma thililiyoni a Kelvin (ofanana ndi mikhalidwe yomwe idalipo m'nthawi zakale kwambiri za nyengo ya radiation). Mphamvu za kugunda kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono timawonjezedwa motero mphamvu yogundana imakhala yayikulu kwambiri yomwe imasandulika kukhala chinthu ngati tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe tidalipo m'chilengedwe choyambirira kwambiri monga momwe zimakhalira ndi mphamvu zambiri. Kuyanjana kotereku pakati pa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tamphamvu m'mikhalidwe yomwe inalipo m'chilengedwe choyambirira kwambiri kumapereka mazenera kudziko lomwe linali losafikirika la nthawiyo komanso kusanthula kwazinthu zakugundana kumapereka njira yomvetsetsa malamulo olamulira afizikiki.  

Mwinamwake, chitsanzo chodziwika kwambiri cha zowombana ndi CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) mwachitsanzo, zowombana zazikulu zazikulu pomwe ma hadron (tinthu tating'ono topangidwa ndi quarks monga ma protoni ndi ma neutroni) amawombana. Ndiwogunda waukulu kwambiri komanso wamphamvu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi womwe umapangitsa kugunda kwa mphamvu ya 13 TeV (teraelectronvolts) yomwe ndi mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri yofikiridwa ndi accelerator. Kuphunzira za zinthu zomwe zachitika chifukwa cha kugunda kwakhala kopindulitsa kwambiri mpaka pano. Kupezeka kwa Higgs boson mu 2012 ndi kuyesa kwa ATLAS ndi CMS ku Large Hadron Collider (LHC) ndichinthu chofunikira kwambiri pasayansi.  

Kukula kwa kafukufuku wa kuyanjana kwa tinthu kumatsimikiziridwa ndi mphamvu ya accelerator. Kuti mufufuze pamasikelo ang'onoang'ono ndi ang'onoang'ono, munthu amafunikira ma accelerator amphamvu kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, nthawi zonse pamakhala kufunafuna ma accelerator amphamvu kwambiri kuposa omwe alipo pano kuti afufuze mozama zamtundu wa particle physics ndi kufufuza pamiyeso yaying'ono. Chifukwa chake, ma accelerator atsopano angapo amphamvu kwambiri pakadali pano ali m'mapaipi.  

Cern's High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL - LHC), yomwe ikuyenera kukhala ikugwira ntchito pofika chaka cha 2029, idapangidwa kuti iwonjezere magwiridwe antchito a LHC powonjezera kuchuluka kwa kugundana kuti alole kuphunzira mwatsatanetsatane njira zodziwika bwino. Kumbali ina, Future Circular Collider (FCC) ndi projekiti ya CERN yofunitsitsa kwambiri kugunda tinthu tating'onoting'ono yomwe ingakhale pafupifupi 100 km mozungulira 200 metres pansi ndipo ingatsatire kuchokera ku Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Kumanga kwake kukuyenera kuyamba mu 2030s ndipo kudzachitika m'magawo awiri: FCC-ee (miyezo yolondola) ikhala ikugwira ntchito pofika pakati pa 2040s pomwe FCC-hh (mphamvu yayikulu) iyamba kugwira ntchito mu 2070s. FCC iyenera kufufuza kukhalapo kwa tinthu tatsopano, zolemera kwambiri, zomwe LHC sizingafikire komanso kukhalapo kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timalumikizana mofooka kwambiri ndi tinthu tating'ono ta Standard Model.  

Choncho, gulu limodzi la tinthu tating'onoting'ono timene timawombana ndi ma hadrons monga ma protoni ndi ma nuclei omwe ndi tinthu tambirimbiri topangidwa ndi quarks. Izi ndi zolemetsa ndipo zimalola ochita kafukufuku kuti apeze mphamvu zambiri monga momwe zinalili ndi LHC. Gulu lina ndi la ma leptoni monga ma elekitironi ndi ma positron. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono timeneti tithanso kugundana monga momwe zimakhalira ndi Large Electron-Positron Collider (LEPC) ndi SuperKEKB collider. Nkhani imodzi yaikulu ndi electron-positron yochokera lepton collider ndi yaikulu kutaya mphamvu chifukwa cheza synchrotron pamene particles amakakamizika mu kanjira zozungulira amene angathe kugonjetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito muons. Monga ma elekitironi, ma muons ndi gawo loyambira koma ndi olemera nthawi 200 kuposa ma elekitironi motero kuchepa kwa mphamvu chifukwa cha radiation ya synchrotron.  

Mosiyana ndi ma hadron collider, muon collider imatha kuthamanga pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa zomwe zimapanga 10 TeV muon collider polumikizana ndi 100 TeV hadron collider. Chifukwa chake, kugunda kwa muon kumatha kukhala kofunikira kwambiri pambuyo pa High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL - LHC) pakuyesa kwamphamvu kwa sayansi yamagetsi motsutsana ndi FCC-ee, kapena CLIC (Compact Linear Collider) kapena ILC (International Linear Collider). Potengera nthawi yayitali yamphamvu zamtsogolo zomwe zidzawombane, ma muon collider atha kukhala chida chokhacho chofufuzira mu particle physics kwazaka makumi atatu zikubwerazi. Ma Muons amatha kukhala othandiza pakuyezera kopitilira muyeso kwanthawi yodabwitsa ya maginito (g-2) ndi mphindi yamagetsi yamagetsi (EDM) poyang'ana pakufufuza mopitilira mtundu wamba. The muon luso ali ntchito komanso angapo interdisciplinary kafukufuku m'madera.  

Komabe, pali zovuta zaukadaulo pakuzindikira kugunda kwa muon. Mosiyana ndi ma hadron ndi ma electron omwe sawola, muons amakhala ndi moyo waufupi wa 2.2 microseconds asanawole kukhala electron ndi neutrinos. Koma nthawi ya moyo wa muon imawonjezeka ndi mphamvu zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kuwonongeka kwake kungathe kuimitsidwa ngati kufulumizitsa mwamsanga. Koma kuthamangitsa muons ndizovuta mwaukadaulo chifukwa alibe njira kapena liwiro lomwe.  

Posachedwapa, ofufuza ku Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC) apambana kuthana ndi zovuta zaukadaulo wa muon. Iwo adakwanitsa kuthamangitsa muon wabwino mpaka pafupifupi 4% ya liwiro la kuwala kwa nthawi yoyamba padziko lapansi. Ichi chinali choyamba chionetsero cha kuzirala ndi mathamangitsidwe wa zabwino muon patatha zaka mosalekeza chitukuko cha kuzirala ndi mathamangitsidwe matekinoloje.  

Proton accelerator ku J-PARC imapanga pafupifupi 100 miliyoni muons pamphindikati. Izi zimachitika mwa kuthamangitsa ma protoni kufupi ndi liwiro la kuwala ndikulola kuti igunde graphite kupanga ma pions. Muons amapangidwa ngati kuwonongeka kwa pions.  

Gulu lofufuzalo lidapanga ma muons abwino okhala ndi liwiro la pafupifupi 30% liwiro la kuwala ndikuwawombera mu silika aerogel. The analola muons kuphatikiza ma elekitironi mu silika airgel chifukwa mapangidwe muonium (ndale, atomu ngati tinthu kapena pseudo atomu wopangidwa ndi muon zabwino pakati ndi elekitironi padziko zabwino muon). Pambuyo pake, ma electron adachotsedwa muonium kudzera mu kuwala ndi laser yomwe inapatsa ma muons abwino atakhazikika pafupifupi 0.002% ya liwiro la kuwala. Kenako, utakhazikika muons zabwino anali imathandizira ntchito wailesi-pafupipafupi magetsi kumunda. Ma muon otsogola omwe adapangidwawo anali olunjika chifukwa adayambira pafupi ndi zero kukhala kuwala kolowera kwambiri momwe amapitira pang'onopang'ono kufika pafupifupi 4% ya liwiro la kuwala. Ichi ndi chofunikira kwambiri paukadaulo wa muon acceleration.  

Gulu lofufuza likukonzekera kupititsa patsogolo muons zabwino mpaka 94% ya liwiro la kuwala. 

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Zothandizira:  

1. Yunivesite ya Oregon. Chilengedwe Choyambirira - Kumayambiriro kwa Tim. Likupezeka pa https://pages.uoregon.edu/jimbrau/astr123/Notes/Chapter27.html 

2. Chithunzi cha CERN. Kupititsa patsogolo sayansi - kugunda kwa Muon. Likupezeka pa https://home.cern/science/accelerators/muon-collider 

3. J-PARC. Kutulutsa atolankhani - Kuzizira koyamba padziko lonse lapansi komanso kuthamangitsa muon. Yolembedwa pa 23 May 2024. Ipezeka pa https://j-parc.jp/c/en/press-release/2024/05/23001341.html  

4. Aritome S., et al., 2024. Kuthamanga kwa ma muons abwino ndi phokoso la radio-frequency. Preprint ku arXiv. Adatumizidwa pa 15 Okutobala 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2410.11367  

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Nkhani zina  

Mfundo zoyambira Kuyang'ana mwachangu. Kulumikizana kwa Quantum pakati pa "Ma Quark Apamwamba" pa Mphamvu Zapamwamba Kwambiri Zowonedwa  (22 September 2024).  

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