Zoyambira zamphamvu kwambiri neutrino zatsatiridwa kwa nthawi yoyamba, ndikuthetsa chinsinsi chofunikira cha zakuthambo
Kuti mumvetse ndi kuphunzira zambiri mphamvu kapena nkhani, kuphunzira kwachinsinsi cha atomiki particles ndikofunikira kwambiri. Akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo amayang'ana ma sub-atomic particles - neutrinos - kudziwa zambiri za zochitika zosiyanasiyana ndi njira zomwe zidachokera. Timadziwa za nyenyezi makamaka dzuwa pophunzira neutrinos. Pali zambiri zoti tiphunzire pankhaniyi chilengedwe ndikumvetsetsa momwe ma neutrinos amagwirira ntchito ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri kwa wasayansi aliyense wokonda Physics ndi Astronomy.
Kodi neutrinos ndi chiyani?
Ma neutrinos ndi tinthu ta nthunzi (komanso tomwe timasinthasintha) topanda kulemera konse, popanda mtengo wamagetsi ndipo amatha kudutsa mumtundu uliwonse popanda kusintha kulikonse. Neutrinos amatha kukwaniritsa izi polimbana ndi mikhalidwe yovuta komanso malo owundana ngati nyenyezi, dziko ndi milalang'amba. Makhalidwe ofunikira a neutrinos ndikuti samalumikizana ndi nkhaniyi m'malo omwe amakhalapo ndipo izi zimawapangitsa kukhala ovuta kuunika. Komanso, amapezeka mu "zokometsera" zitatu - ma elekitironi, tau ndi muon ndipo amasinthasintha pakati pa zokometsera izi pamene akugwedeza. Izi zimatchedwa "kusakaniza" zochitika ndipo iyi ndi malo odabwitsa kwambiri ophunzirira poyesa ma neutrinos. Makhalidwe amphamvu kwambiri a neutrinos ndikuti amakhala ndi chidziwitso chapadera chokhudza komwe adachokera. Izi zili choncho makamaka chifukwa ma neutrinos ali amphamvu kwambiri, alibe malipiro chifukwa chake amakhala osakhudzidwa ndi maginito a mphamvu iliyonse. Chiyambi cha neutrinos sichidziwika bwino. Ambiri a iwo amachokera ku dzuwa koma ochepa makamaka omwe ali ndi mphamvu zambiri amachokera kumadera akuya danga. Ichi ndi chifukwa chake gwero lenileni la ongoyendayendawa silinadziwikebe ndipo amatchedwa "ghost particles".
Chiyambi cha neutrino yamphamvu kwambiri yotsatiridwa
M'maphunziro amapasa oyambira mu zakuthambo lofalitsidwa mu Science, ofufuza kwa nthawi yoyamba apeza komwe kunachokera kagawo kakang'ono ka atomic neutrino komwe kanapezeka mkati mwa ayezi ku Antarctica itayenda zaka 3.7 biliyoni kupita kunyanja. dziko Earth1,2. Ntchitoyi imatheka ndi mgwirizano wa asayansi oposa 300 ndi mabungwe 49. Ma neutrino amphamvu kwambiri adapezeka ndi chowunikira chachikulu kwambiri cha IceCube chomwe chidakhazikitsidwa ku South Pole ndi IceCube Neutrino Observatory mkati mwa ayezi. Kuti akwaniritse cholinga chawo, mabowo 86 anabowoledwa mu ayezi, mtunda uliwonse wa kilomita imodzi ndi theka kuya kwake, ndi kufalikira pa netiweki ya masensa a kuwala koposa 5000 motero kukuta dera lonse la 1 kiyubiki kilometa. IceCube detector, yoyendetsedwa ndi US National Science Foundation, ndi chowunikira chimphona chokhala ndi zingwe 86 zomwe zimayikidwa m'mabowo ofikira ku ayezi akuya. Zowunikira zimalemba kuwala kwapadera kwa buluu komwe kumatulutsa neutrino ikalumikizana ndi nyukiliyasi ya atomiki. Ma neutrino ambiri amphamvu kwambiri anazindikiridwa koma sanapezeke mpaka neutrino yokhala ndi mphamvu ya ma electron volts 300 trilioni inazindikirika bwino pansi pa ayezi. Mphamvu iyi ndi yayikulu kuwirikiza nthawi 50 kuposa mphamvu ya ma protoni omwe amazungulira pa Large Hardon Collider yomwe ndi yamphamvu kwambiri tinthu tating'onoting'ono pa izi. dziko. Kuzindikira uku kukachitika, dongosolo la nthawi yeniyeni limasonkhanitsa ndikusonkhanitsa deta, ya ma electromagnetic spectrum, kuchokera ku ma laboratories a padziko lapansi ndi mu danga za chiyambi cha neutrino iyi.
Neutrino idatsatiridwa bwino ndi kuwala Mlalang'amba amatchedwa "blazer". Blazer ndi gigantic elliptical yogwira ntchito Mlalang'amba ndi ma jet awiri omwe amatulutsa kuwala kwa neutrinos ndi gamma. Ili ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba kwambiri komanso ozungulira mwachangu dzenje lakuda m'katikati mwake ndi Mlalang'amba imapita ku Dziko Lapansi mozungulira liwiro la kuwala. Imodzi mwa jets ya blazer ndi yowala kwambiri ndipo imaloza mwachindunji padziko lapansi kupereka izi Mlalang'amba dzina lake. Blazer Mlalang'amba ili kumanzere kwa gulu la nyenyezi la Orion ndipo mtunda uwu ndi pafupifupi 4 biliyoni kuwala zaka kuchokera padziko lapansi. Ma neutrinos ndi gamma cheza adadziwika ndi observatory komanso ma telescopes 20 padziko lapansi komanso mu danga. Kafukufuku woyambayu1 adawonetsa kupezeka kwa neutrinos ndipo kafukufuku wachiwiri wotsatira2 adawonetsa kuti blazer. Mlalang'amba anali atapanga ma neutrinos m'mbuyomu mu 2014 ndi 2015. Blazer ndi gwero la ma neutrinos amphamvu kwambiri komanso kuwala kwa zakuthambo.
Kutulukira kochititsa chidwi mu zakuthambo
Kupezeka kwa ma neutrinos ndi kopambana kwambiri ndipo kumatha kupangitsa kuphunzira ndi kuwunika chilengedwe m'njira yosagwirizana. Asayansi amanena kuti zimene atulukirazi zingawathandize kudziwa kwa nthawi yoyamba kumene kunachokera kuwala kodabwitsa kwa zinthu zakuthambo. Kuwala kumeneku ndi zidutswa za maatomu omwe amatsika padziko lapansi kuchokera kunja kwa solar system akuyaka ndi liwiro la kuwala. Iwo akuimbidwa mlandu kuchititsa mavuto kwa satellites, machitidwe kulankhulana etc. Mosiyana ndi neutrinos, kuwala zakuthambo ndi mlandu particles motero maginito minda kusunga zimakhudza ndi kusintha njira yawo ndipo izi zimapangitsa kuti zosatheka kufufuza mmbuyo chiyambi chawo. Nyengo ya cosmic yakhala ikufufuza kafukufuku wa zakuthambo kwa nthawi yaitali ndipo ngakhale kuti inapezeka mu 1912, kuwala kwa chilengedwe kumakhalabe chinsinsi chachikulu.
M'tsogolomu, kufufuza kwa neutrino pamlingo wokulirapo pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zofanana ndi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu phunziroli zingathe kupeza zotsatira zofulumira komanso zowonjezereka zowonjezereka kuti zitulutse magwero atsopano a neutrinos. Kafukufukuyu yemwe wachitika pojambulitsa zowonera zingapo ndikuzindikira deta pamtundu wa electromagnetic spectrum ndikofunikira kuti tipitilize kumvetsetsa kwathu chilengedwe njira za physics zomwe zimayendetsa izo. Ndi chifaniziro chodziwika bwino cha zakuthambo za "multimessenger" zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito mitundu iwiri yosiyana ya mazizindikiro kuyang'ana zakuthambo kuti zikhale zamphamvu komanso zolondola popangitsa kuti zinthu izi zitheke. Njira iyi yathandizira kuzindikira kugunda kwa nyenyezi ya neutron komanso mafunde okoka posachedwapa. Aliyense wa amithengawa amatipatsa chidziwitso chatsopano cha chilengedwe ndi zochitika zamphamvu mumlengalenga. Komanso, zitha kuthandiza kumvetsetsa zambiri za zochitika zoopsa zomwe zidachitika zaka mamiliyoni ambiri zapitazo kuyika tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayenda kupita ku Dziko Lapansi.
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Kasupe (s)
1.The IceCube Collaboration et al. 2018. Kuwona kwa ma multimessenger a blazar yoyaka moto nthawi yomweyo ndi neutrino yamphamvu kwambiri IceCube-170922A. Science. 361 (6398). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat1378
2.The IceCube Collaboration et al. 2018. Kutulutsa kwa Neutrino kuchokera kumbali ya blazar TXS 0506 + 056 pamaso pa chenjezo la IceCube-170922A. Science. 361 (6398). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat2890
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