NISAR (chidule cha NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar kapena NASA-ISRO SAR), ntchito yogwirizana ya NASA ndi ISRO, idakhazikitsidwa bwino mumlengalenga pa 30 July 2025. Cholinga cha NISAR ndikuphunzira kusintha kwa nthaka ndi madzi oundana, chilengedwe cha nthaka, ndi madera a nyanja. Yokhala ndi zida zapadera zapawiri-band Synthetic Aperture Radar yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito njira yatsopano ya SweepSAR kuti ipereke mawonekedwe apamwamba komanso zithunzi zazikulu, NISAR ipanga mapu padziko lapansi kuphatikiza njira zazikuluzikulu monga kusokonekera kwa chilengedwe, kugwa kwa ayezi, zoopsa zachilengedwe, kukwera kwamadzi am'nyanja, ndi zovuta zamadzi apansi panthaka. Idzayang'anira ndikuyesa molondola pakukula kwa centimita kwa kusintha kwa dziko lapansi ndi madera oundana kawiri masiku 12 aliwonse. Deta yomwe idzasonkhanitsidwe ndi ntchitoyi idzapezeka mwaufulu komanso momasuka mogwirizana ndi ndondomeko yotsegulira anthu kuti athandize akuluakulu a boma kusamalira bwino zachilengedwe ndi masoka achilengedwe. Kafukufuku wogwiritsa ntchito zidziwitsozi athandizira kumvetsetsa kwathu kutukuka kwa Dziko lapansi komanso momwe dziko limakhudzira komanso momwe kusintha kwanyengo kumayendera.
Asayansi apadziko lapansi adayesetsa kuyang'ana padziko lapansi kuchokera kumwamba kuti ayang'anire mitambo, nyengo, mbewu, nkhalango, mitsinje, mapiri, mapiri, nyanja, malo a masoka achilengedwe monga zivomezi, kusefukira kwa madzi, mvula yamkuntho, tsunami ndi malo ofunikira kwambiri ndi zina zambiri kukonzekera ndikukonzekera bwino ntchito za anthu. Kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo kudapangitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mabaluni akumlengalenga otentha ndikutsatiridwa ndi ndege zosinthidwa makonda. Onsewa anali ndi malire makamaka potengera nthawi komanso malo omwe amafikirako omwe adayankhidwa ndi ma satellite obwera ku Earth mu 1960s kutsatira kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo wamlengalenga. Ma satellites amawona zochitika zosiyanasiyana padziko lapansi kuchokera mumlengalenga pogwiritsa ntchito masensa owoneka (owoneka, pafupi ndi infrared, infrared) kapena sensa ya microwave yoyikidwa pa iwo. Popeza ma microwave amadutsa m'mitambo, masetilaiti okhala ndi masensa a ma microwave amatha kuyang'ana padziko lapansi mosasamala kanthu za usana ndi usiku kapena nyengo.
TIROS-1 inali satellite yakale kwambiri yowonera dziko lapansi. Idakhazikitsidwa mu 1960 ndi NASA, idatumiza zithunzi zoyambira zanyengo yapadziko lapansi. Setilaiti yoyamba yoyang'ana dziko lapansi yopangidwa makamaka kuti iphunzire ndi kuyang'anira nthaka ya Dziko lapansi inali Landsat 1, yomwe inayambitsidwa ndi NASA mu 1971. Mu 2008, panali ma satellites okwana 150 ozungulira dziko lapansi. Chiwerengerochi chinakula kufika pa 950 mu 2021. Pakali pano, pali ma satellites oposa 1100 omwe akugwira ntchito mumlengalenga. NISAR ndi yaposachedwa kwambiri pamndandanda wa ma satellite owonera Earth.
NISAR (chidule cha NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar kapena NASA-ISRO SAR), ntchito yogwirizana ya NASA ndi ISRO, idakhazikitsidwa bwino mumlengalenga pa 30 Julayi 2025.
| Zolinga za NISAR Mission |
| Cholinga cha NISAR ndikuphunzira kusintha kwa nthaka ndi madzi oundana, chilengedwe cha nthaka, ndi madera amchere. Zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa zingathandize kuyang'anira kusintha kwa zomera, kachitidwe ka mbeu, ndi madambo. Iwonetsanso mapu a ayezi aku Greenland & Antarctica, kusinthika kwa ayezi wam'nyanja ndi madzi oundana amapiri ndikuwonetsa kusinthika kwapamtunda komwe kumakhudzana ndi zivomezi, kuphulika kwa mapiri, kugumuka kwa nthaka, ndi kutsika komanso kukwera komwe kumakhudzana ndi kusintha kwamadzi am'madzi, malo osungira madzi a hydrocarbon, ndi zina zambiri. |
Pakadali pano, ntchitoyo ili mu gawo 1 ndipo posachedwa ilowa gawo 2 pomwe mlongoti udzayikidwa. Ntchito yonse iyenera kumalizidwa m'masiku a 90 kuyambira pomwe ntchitoyo ilowa gawo la sayansi.
| Magawo a NISAR Mission |
| Gawo 1 (Kukhazikitsa): (Masiku Oyambitsa 0-9): Idayambitsidwa pagalimoto yotsegulira ya GSLV-F16 pa 30 July 2025 kuchokera ku Sriharikota kugombe lakumwera chakum'mawa kwa chilumba cha Indian. |
| Gawo 2: Kutumiza (Masiku Otsegulira Pambuyo pa 10-18): Chombocho chimanyamula chowunikira chachikulu cha 12 m mainchesi kuti chikhale ngati mlongoti wa radar. Idzatumizidwa mu orbit 9m kutali ndi satellite ndi ma multistage deployable boom system. Kuyika kwa antenna kumayamba pa tsiku la 10 kuyambira kukhazikitsidwa (chifukwa chake "Mission Day 10" ikufanana ndi "Deploy Day 1") ndi macheke asanachitike ndikumaliza pa tsiku la 8 ndi satellite ikuchita 'yaw maneuvre' (kuzungulira) kuti idziyang'anire bwino, kutsatira mozungulira chozungulira ndikuwonetsa. |
| Gawo 3: Kutumiza Mpaka tsiku la 90 kuchokera kukhazikitsidwa pambuyo pa kutumizidwa kwa mlongoti, machitidwe onse adzayang'aniridwa ndi kuyesedwa pokonzekera ntchito za sayansi. |
| Gawo 4: Ntchito za Sayansi Gawo la ntchito likatha, gawo la ntchito za sayansi limayamba ndikupitilira mpaka moyo wautumiki wa zaka zisanu. Ma SAR amatenga deta yokhudzana ndi kayendetsedwe ka nthaka, madzi oundana, nkhalango ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthaka kudutsa maulendo onse a L-band ndi S-band ndikupanga kuti izi zitheke kwa ofufuza padziko lonse lapansi. |
Yoyimitsidwa mu Sun synchronous, polar orbit pamtunda wa 747 km ndipo ili ndi ma radar awiri amphamvu a microwave synthetic aperture (SAR), L-Band SAR ndi S-Band SAR, NISAR ndi ntchito yojambula ma microwave, yomwe imatha kusonkhanitsa deta ya polarimetric ndi interferometric.
| Luso laukadaulo la NISAR Mission |
| NISAR ili ndi zida zapadera zapawiri-band Synthetic Aperture Radar yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito njira yatsopano ya SweepSAR kuti ipereke mawonekedwe apamwamba komanso zithunzi zazikulu. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imapanga zithunzi zowoneka bwino kuchokera padongosolo lochepa la radar. |
NISAR idapangidwa kuti izipanga mapu a Earth kuphatikiza njira zazikulu monga kusokonezeka kwa chilengedwe, kugwa kwa madzi oundana, zoopsa zachilengedwe, kukwera kwamadzi am'nyanja, ndi zovuta zamadzi apansi panthaka. Idzayang'anira ndikuyesa molondola pakukula kwa centimita kwa kusintha kwa dziko lapansi ndi madera oundana kawiri masiku 12 aliwonse.
Deta yomwe yasonkhanitsidwa ndi L-band ndi S-band SARs ya ntchito ya NISAR idzakhala yomasuka komanso yowonekera kwa anthu, akuluakulu a boma ndi ofufuza mogwirizana ndi ndondomeko yotsegula. Zithandiza akuluakulu aboma kusamalira bwino zachilengedwe ndi masoka achilengedwe. Kafukufuku wogwiritsa ntchito zidziwitsozi athandizira kumvetsetsa kwathu kutukuka kwa Dziko lapansi komanso momwe dziko limakhudzira komanso momwe kusintha kwanyengo kumayendera.
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Zothandizira:
- Earth Data. Tsopano NISAR Yakhazikitsidwa, Izi ndi Zomwe Mungayembekezere Kuchokera Pazidziwitso. Yolembedwa pa Ogasiti 4, 2025. Ipezeka pa https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/news/now-that-nisar-launched-heres-what-you-can-expect-from-the-data
- NASA. NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar). Ikupezeka pa https://science.nasa.gov/mission/nisar/
- Chithunzi cha ISRO. NISAR - NASA ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar Mission. Ikupezeka pa https://www.isro.gov.in/Mission_GSLVF16_NISAR_Home.html https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/GSLV_F16NISAR_Launch_Brochure.pdf
- Rosen PA et al., 2025. The NASA-ISRO SAR Mission: Chidule. IEEE Geoscience ndi Remote Sensing Magazine. 16 Julayi 2025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/MGRS.2025.3578258
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, a joint collaborative mission of NASA and ISRO, was successfully launched into space on 30 July 2025. NISAR mission’s aim is to study land and ice deformation, land ecosystems, and oceanic regions. Equipped with the unique dual-band Synthetic Aperture Radar that employs novel SweepSAR technique to provide high resolution and large swath imagery, NISAR will systematically map Earth including the key processes like ecosystem disturbances, ice-sheet collapse, natural hazards, sea level rise, and groundwater issues. It will monitor and make precise measurement at centimetre scale of changes in Earth's landmass and ice regions twice every 12 days. The data collected by the mission will be freely and openly available in line with open access policy to help public authorities better manage natural resources and natural disasters. Studies using the data will improve our understanding of Earth’s crust and the impact and pace of climate change.){kind=link}