Zotsatira za Dothi la Atmospheric pa Ice Cloud Formation Zatsimikiziridwa

Zimadziwika kuti kuchuluka kwa mitambo yokhala ndi ayezi kumadalira tinthu tating'onoting'ono tamtambo tomwe timakhala ngati ma nuclei opangira ice crystal. Komabe, sizinawonetsedwe momveka bwino pogwiritsa ntchito deta yaikulu. Mu kafukufuku wofalitsidwa pa 31 July 2025, ofufuza atsimikizira ubalewu uimbani zaka 35 za data ya satellite. Iwo asonyeza kuti gawolo ya mitambo yodzaza ndi ayezi (ie., cloud-top ice-to-total frequency kapena ITF) in Kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi pakati pa −15° ndi −30°C zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa fumbi m'mitambo. Izi ndi zofunika kwa nyengo chitsanzo chifukwa kukakamiza kowunikira komanso kugwa kwa mitambo kudzatengera ngati ili pamwamba pa ayezi kapena mtambo wamadzi. 

Liwu lakuti "fumbi" limayambitsa kumverera kwachisokonezo ndi kusapeza bwino, zomwe ziri choncho chifukwa fumbi lochokera kuzinthu zachilengedwe ndi zochitika za anthu (monga zomangamanga, njira zamafakitale, ndi kayendetsedwe ka galimoto) zimathandizira zinthu zina mumlengalenga zomwe zimatsogolera ku kuipitsa mpweya komwe kumakhudza thanzi labwino pa kupuma ndi machitidwe a mtima. M'madera owuma ndi owuma, mchenga ndi fumbi zimapopera tinthu tambirimbiri ta fumbi mumlengalenga. Kuwonongeka kwa mpweya kumakhudza thanzi la anthu, chilengedwe komanso bajeti ya radiation.  

Fumbi la mchere la airborne limathandizanso kwambiri pa nyengo. Imayamwa ndikumwaza ma radiation ya dzuwa ndi matenthedwe motero imakhudza mwachindunji mphamvu ya dziko lapansi. Kusintha kulikonse kwa fumbi la mchere wa mumlengalenga kumasintha ma radiation a dera (mwachitsanzo, kusintha kwa ma radiation chifukwa cha fumbi kapena kukakamiza kwa ma radiation). Tinthu tating'ono ting'onoting'ono tomwe timafika pa 0.2 μm kukula kwake timakhalanso ngati njere zopanga madontho amtambo pamene nthunzi wamadzi ulowa pa iwo. Zomwe zimatchedwa cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), tinthu tating'onoting'ono timene timagwira ntchito ngati maziko a madontho amtambo ndipo ndizofunikira kuti ayambe kupanga madontho amtambo komanso kukula kwa mitambo ndi mvula. Zimakhudza mosadziwika bwino nyengo ya Dziko Lapansi, kuphatikizapo kukakamiza kwa ma radiation. Kusintha kwa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zoyendetsedwa ndi mpweya zomwe zimagwira ntchito ngati CCN zimakhudza kwambiri mawonekedwe amtambo, mphamvu yowunikira komanso nyengo. 

Cloud mitundu ndi Ice-to-total frequency (ITF) 

Mitambo imatha kukhala yamitundu itatu kutengera ngati imapangidwa ndi makristasi a ayezi kapena madontho amadzi amadzimadzi. Mitambo ya ayezi imapangidwa ndi ayezi omwe amapangidwa kudzera mu nucleation kuzungulira ice nucleating particles (INPs) ngati fumbi lamchere. Nthawi zambiri zimapangika pamalo okwera kumene kumazizira kwambiri. Komano, mitambo yamadzi imapangidwa ndi madontho amadzi amadzimadzi ndipo imapanga pamene nthunzi yamadzi mumlengalenga imazizira ndikukhazikika m'madzi amadzimadzi ozungulira mtambo wa condensation nuclei (CCN) ngati fumbi kapena tinthu ta mchere. Mitambo yosakanikirana imakhala ndi makristasi oundana komanso madontho amadzi ozizira kwambiri. Izi pamene madontho amadzi ozizira kwambiri amaundana pamadzi oundana kapena tinthu tating'ono ta ayezi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuchuluka kwake kuchuluke komanso kachulukidwe kumatchedwa riming. Kukwera kumawonedwa makamaka m'mitambo yosakanikirana kutentha kwapakati pa -5 ° C ndi -25 ° C pamalo omwe madontho amadzi ozizira kwambiri amaundana akawombana ndi madzi oundana. Ice-to-total frequency (ITF) ndi gawo la mitambo ya ayezi kuyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwa mitambo yomwe imawonedwa pamwamba pa mtambo.  

Njira zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi zotsatira za fumbi la mineral pa nyengo ya nyengo zimamveka bwino, komabe panali zinthu ziwiri zomwe ofufuza angachite.  

Choyamba, panali kusatsimikizika pakuyerekeza zotsatira zachindunji ndi zosalunjika za nyengo ya fumbi la mchere padziko lonse lapansi. Ntchito ya EMIT (Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation) ya NASA yoyikidwa pa ISS ikuyankha izi popanga mapu a fumbi la mineral m'madera ouma a Earth ndikupereka zidziwitso zapadziko lonse lapansi zotengera nyengo. Idachita bwino kwambiri pa 27 Julayi 2022 pomwe idapereka mawonekedwe ake oyamba a Dziko Lapansi. Chaka chatha mu 2024, idasintha kukhala gawo lotalikirapo la mishoni mpaka 2026.  

Kachiwiri, ngakhale zimadziwika kwa nthawi yayitali kuti kuchuluka kwa mitambo yomwe ili pamwamba pa ayezi kumadalira tinthu tating'onoting'ono tamtambo tomwe timapanga ngati ma nuclei opangira ice crystal. Komabe, sizinawonetsedwe momveka bwino pogwiritsa ntchito deta yaikulu. Pakafukufuku wofalitsidwa pa 31 Julayi 2025, ofufuza atsimikizira ubalewu pogwiritsa ntchito zaka 35 za data ya satellite. Asonyeza kuti kuchuluka kwa mitambo ya ayezi (ie, cloud-top ice-to-total frequency kapena ITF) ku Northern Hemisphere pakati pa −15° ndi −30°C kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa tinthu ta fumbi m’mitambo. Izi ndizofunikira pakusintha kwanyengo chifukwa kukakamiza kowunikira komanso kugwa kwa mitambo kumakhudzidwa ndi kuyika kwa ayezi kapena mtambo wamadzi.  

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(Chiyamikiro: Dr. Sachchidanand Singh, Chief Scientist, CSIR-NPL, India pazothandizira zake pankhaniyi ndikusintha)   

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Zothandizira:  

1. Villanueva D., et al 2025. Kuzizira kwa madontho oyendetsedwa ndi fumbi kumalongosola gawo la mtambo kumtunda wa kumpoto. SAYANSI. 31 July 2025. Vol 389, Issue 6759 pp. 521-525. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adt5354 

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Nkhani yofananira 

• Zotsatira Zanyengo Zafumbi Lamamineral Amumlengalenga: EMIT Mission Yakwaniritsa Milestone (Ogasiti 1, 2022).  

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