Chinchorro Culture: Anthu Akale Kwambiri Opanga Mummification

Umboni wakale kwambiri wa yokumba Kufa mumthupi padziko lapansi kumachokera ku mbiri yakale ya Chinchorro ku South America (pakali pano Northern Chile) yomwe ndi yakale kuposa Aigupto pafupifupi zaka zikwi ziwiri. Chinchorro's mummizing yokumba inayamba pafupifupi 5050 BC (motsutsana ndi Egypt 3600 BC). 

Moyo uliwonse umatha tsiku limodzi. Kuyambira kalekale, anthu akhala akuyesetsa kuthana ndi vuto lalikululi la kukhalapo kwa munthu, ngakhale mophiphiritsa mwa kupulumutsa akufa pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana.  

Thupi la mtsogoleri wa Soviet Vladimir Lenin lasungidwa¹ kwa pafupifupi 1924 kuchokera pamene anamwalira mu XNUMX ndipo akuwonetsedwa pagulu ku Lenin's Mausoleum mu Red Square ku Moscow. Momwemonso, thupi la mtsogoleri waku China Mao Zedong limasungidwa² kwa zaka pafupifupi theka kuchokera pamene anamwalira mu 1976 ndipo akuwonetsedwa pagulu ku Mausoleum ya Mao Zedong ku Tiananmen Square ku Beijing. Mwinamwake, nkhani ziŵirizi za kusungidwa kwa matupi a atsogoleri a ndale m’nthaŵi zamakono zili ndi cholinga chopititsira patsogolo zikumbukiro ndi malingaliro a atsogoleri amitundu.  

Pakali pano, anthu ena amaganiza za imfa ngati 'kuyimitsa' kwa moyo kumene 'kuyambiranso' tsogolo ndi kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi ngati thupi litetezedwa moyenera. Alcor Life Extension Foundation³ ku Arizona ndi bungwe limodzi loterolo lomwe limagwira ntchito yopatsa akufa mwayi wokhalanso ndi moyo kudzera mu cryopreservation mwa kusunga thupi (kapena ubongo) mumadzi a nayitrogeni pafupifupi -300 degrees Fahrenheit, pogwiritsa ntchito njira yoyimitsidwa ya cryonic yomwe ingalole kusungunuka ndi kukonzanso mumlengalenga. tsogolo pamene luso latsopano loyenerera lipangidwa.  

Kale, anthu azikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana ku Asia ndi ku America anali ndi chizolowezi chodula mitembo yochita kupanga. Mwinamwake, wotchuka kwambiri pakati pawo ndi nkhani ya ku Igupto wakale, kumene mchitidwe wodula mwadala unayamba cha 3,600 BC. Mitembo ya mitembo ya ku Aigupto idakali yochititsa chidwi padziko lonse lapansi chifukwa cha zakale, kukula kwake, ndi kukongola kwake. Anthu a ku Iguputo akale ankadziwa bwino njira zodulira zitembo zopangapanga chifukwa ankaganiza kuti kuteteza thupi n’kothandiza kuti munthu akhale wamuyaya. pambuyo pa moyo. Lingaliro linali lakuti ka (mzimu) umachoka m’thupi munthuyo akamwalira, ndipo ukhoza kubwereranso ku thupi la wakufayo pokhapokha ngati thupilo linali litatetezedwa bwino kuti lisawole.⁴. Chifukwa chake, matupi a Mafumu ndi a Queens akale a ku Aigupto ndi ena apamwamba ndi amphamvu adadulidwa mochita kutsata njira zamaliro ndikuyikidwa mokongola m'mapiramidi apamwamba. Manda pamodzi ndi mabwinja osungidwa a afarao monga Mfumu Ramesses Wachiwiri ndi Mfumu yachinyamata Tutankhamun amadziwika kwambiri chifukwa cha zakale komanso kukongola kwawo, kotero kuti anthu amangoganiza za Igupto pamene mawu akuti mummy amanenedwa.   

Komabe, umboni wakale kwambiri wakupha munthu wakufa padziko lapansi umachokera ku chikhalidwe cha Chinchorro cha ku South America (panopa Northern Chile) chomwe ndi chakale kuposa chitumbuwa cha ku Egypt chazaka pafupifupi zikwi ziwiri. Kuyika kwa Chinchorro kunayamba pafupifupi 5050 BC (motsutsana ndi Egypt 3600 BC).   

Matembo opangira a Chinchorro ndi apadera chifukwa cha msinkhu wake, luso lake komanso anthu omwe ali nawo - ndi njira yakale kwambiri yophatikizira anthu mpaka pano ndipo idapangidwa modabwitsa kwa anthu osaka nyama zam'madzi. Lingaliro lawo la moyo pambuyo pa imfa yodziwika ndi kudulidwa kwa matupi akale kwambiri, kunatenga zaka pafupifupi 4000 mpaka c.1720 BC⁵. Komanso, ngakhale kuti ndi anthu apamwamba okha komanso amphamvu m'dera la Aigupto omwe anali ndi mwayi wodulidwa pambuyo pa imfa pambuyo pa imfa, chikhalidwe cha Chinchorro chinapanga mitembo ya anthu m'deralo, mosasamala kanthu za chikhalidwe chawo komanso kalasi.  

Mwachiwonekere, gulu la Chinchorro linali lodzala ndi chiwawa, makamaka chifukwa cha njira yothetsera mikangano ndi mikangano ya anthu, zomwe sizinasinthe pakapita nthawi. Chiwerengero cha amuna chinali chokhudzidwa kwambiri⁶. 

The Chinchorro mummification inaphatikizapo kuyika zinthu mkati ndi chithandizo chakunja cha thupi chomwe chinapatsa matupi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino, mawonekedwe aluso poyankha imfa kufotokoza ubale pakati pa amoyo ndi akufa. Kafukufuku wa ma mummies a Chinchorro adawonetsa kusintha kwa machitidwewa pakapita nthawi komwe kumawonetsa ngati njira yopangira chidziwitso chamagulu.⁷.   

Pozindikira kufunika kwake kwapadera kwa chikhalidwe ndi zakale zamtengo wapatali padziko lonse lapansi, UNESCO yaphatikiza malo a Chinchorro pamndandanda wazinthu zadziko lapansi posachedwa pa 27 Julayi 2021.⁸.  

Maphunziro owonjezera pa zaluso zamaliro a Chinchorro mummification awonetsa zambiri pazachikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe komanso moyo wachuma wa anthu aku Chinchorro.

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Zothandizira:  

1. Vronskaya A. 2010. Kupanga Muyaya: Kusungidwa kwa Thupi la Lenin. Zigawo za 2010; ( 38 ): 10-13 . DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/thld_a_00170  

2. Lee D., 2012. Malo Amene Amuna Akuluakulu Amapuma? Tcheyamani Mao Memorial Hall. Mu: Malo Okumbukira ku China yamakono. Mutu 4. Masamba: 91–129. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004220966_005  

3. Alcor Life Extension Foundation 2020. Ipezeka pa intaneti pa https://www.alcor.org/ 

4. Tomorad, M., 2009. "Zochita zamaliro akale a ku Aigupto kuyambira zaka chikwi zoyamba BC mpaka kugonjetsa Aarabu ku Egypt (c. 1069 BC-642 AD)". The Heritage of Egypt. 2:12-28 . Ikupezeka pa intaneti pa https://www.academia.edu/907351  

5. UNESCO 2021. Kukhazikika ndi Kuyika Mummification Wachikhalidwe cha Chinchorro ku Thearica ndi Parinacota Region. World Heritage Nomination. Republic of Chile. Ikupezeka pa intaneti pa https://whc.unesco.org/document/181014 

6. Standen V., Santoro C., Et al 2020. Chiwawa mwa osaka, asodzi, ndi osonkhanitsa chikhalidwe cha Chinchorro: Mabungwe akale a m'chipululu cha Atacama (10,000–4,000 cal yr BP). Yosindikizidwa koyamba: 20 Januware 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24009 

7. Montt, I., Fiore, D., Santoro, C., & Arriaza, B. (2021). Mabungwe a Ubale: Zomwe angakwanitse, zinthu ndi zomwe zimachitika pamaliro a Chinchorro c. 7000-3250 BP. Zakale, 1-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2021.126 

8. UNESCO 2021. Mndandanda Wazolowa Padziko Lonse - Kukhazikika ndi Kuyika Mummification Yopangira Chikhalidwe cha Chinchorro ku Arica ndi Parinacota Region. Ikupezeka pa intaneti pa https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1634/ 

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