Chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri m'nkhani ya chitukuko cha anthu ndi chitukuko cha kalembedwe kalembedwe pogwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro zoimira phokoso la chinenero. Zizindikiro zoterezi zimatchedwa zilembo. Kalembedwe ka zilembo zimagwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro zowerengeka ndipo zimatengera kugwirizana komwe kulipo pakati pa phokoso ndi zizindikiro. Pakadali pano, zolemba za zilembo zimadziwika kuti zidayamba mu 1800 BCE kutengera lipoti la 2022 lakupezeka kwa chisa cha Ivory ku Tel Lakishi cholembedwa chiganizo cholembedwa m'chilankhulo cha Kanani. Komabe, akuti zolembedwa pamiyala yadongo ya 2400 BCE yofukulidwa ku Umm el-Marra ku Syria mu 2004 ndi zizindikiro zoyimira mawu achilankhulo. Koma zolembedwazo sizinamasuliridwe komabe tanthauzo lenileni silikudziwika. Funso loti ngati umboni wakale kwambiri wa zilembo za zilembo ndi wa 2400 BCE udzayankhidwa mokhutiritsa pamene matanthauzo a zolembedwa pa zinthu zakalezi adzawululidwa m’kafukufuku wamtsogolo.
Ma Homo sapiens ndi osiyana mu ufumu wamoyo chifukwa adasintha mawonekedwe a nkhope ya oro-nkhope kuti apange mawu omveka bwino kuti athe kufotokozera malingaliro ndi malingaliro ndi ena. Zilankhulo (ie, njira zoyankhulirana zokhazikika) zidakhazikitsidwa pamaziko a kulumikizana kwapakamwa. M'kupita kwanthaŵi, njira yolembera inayamba kugwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro ndi malamulo kuti alembe mbali za zinenero zolankhulidwa. Monga kupirira kwa chilankhulo cholankhulidwa, kulemba kunathandizira kusunga ndi kusamutsa zidziwitso ndipo kunathandizira kwambiri kukula kwachitukuko.
Zolemba zakale kwambiri monga Sumerian (3400 BC -1 AD), Aigupto Hieroglyphics (3200 BC - 400 AD), Akkadian (2500 BC), Eblaite (2400 BC - 550 BC), ndi Chigwa cha Indus (2600 BC -1900 BC) anagwiritsa ntchito zithunzi (zithunzi zosonyeza mawu kapena malingaliro), malingaliro (zilembo monga zilembo za Chitchaina), ndi logographs (zizindikiro kapena zilembo zoimira mawu kapena mawu) monga zizindikiro zolembera zinenero zolankhulidwa. Njira zolembera za zinenero zamakono monga Chitchaina, Chijapani, ndi Chikorea zilinso m’gulu limeneli. Chizindikiro chilichonse cha encoding chimayimira chinthu chimodzi, lingaliro limodzi, kapena liwu limodzi kapena chiganizo. Chifukwa chake, machitidwe olemberawa amafunikira zizindikiro zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, makina olembera achi China ali ndi zilembo zopitilira 50,000 zoyimira mawu ndi matanthauzo achi China. Mwachibadwa, kuphunzira njira zolembera zoterozo sikophweka.
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri m'nkhani ya chitukuko cha anthu ndi chitukuko cha kalembedwe kalembedwe pogwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro zoimira phokoso la chinenero. Zizindikiro zoterezi zimatchedwa zilembo. M'kalembedwe ka zilembo monga mu Chingerezi, zizindikiro 26 (kapena zilembo) ndi machitidwe awo zimayimira phokoso la chinenero cha Chingerezi.
Njira zolembera zilembo zimagwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro zingapo ndipo zimatengera mgwirizano wodziwikiratu pakati pa mawu ndi zizindikilo. Ndikosavuta kuposa zolemba zopanda zilembo kuphunzira ndipo zimapereka mwayi wopanda malire wolankhulana mosavuta komanso molondola. Kupangidwa kwa zilembo kunapangitsa kuti chidziwitso ndi malingaliro afalikire mosavuta. Unatsegula khomo la kuphunzira ndipo unatheketsa anthu ambiri kuŵerenga ndi kulemba ndi kutengamo mbali m’zamalonda ndi zamalonda, utsogoleri ndi zochitika za chikhalidwe mogwira mtima. Sitingathe kulingalira zachitukuko chamakono popanda njira yolembera zilembo zomwe zimakhala zofunikira kwambiri kuposa kale lonse.
Koma kodi zilembo zinayamba kupangidwa liti? Kodi umboni wakale kwambiri wa kalembedwe ka zilembo ndi chiyani?
Mwala wa laimu wolembedwa ndi mndandanda wa mawu akale a ku Aigupto unanenedwa mu 2015. Anapezeka m'manda akale a ku Igupto pafupi ndi Luxor. Mawu olembedwa m’chilembedwecho amasanjidwa mogwirizana ndi kamvekedwe kawo koyambirira. Chojambula ichi chapangidwa kuti chikhale cha 15th m'zaka za m'ma BC ndipo ankaganiziridwa kuti ndi umboni wakale kwambiri wa zilembo za alfabeti.
Komabe, zinthu zidasintha ndi lipoti la 2022 lopezeka kwa zinthu zakale. Chisa cha nyanga za njovu cholembedwa chiganizo cholembedwa m’chinenero cha ku Kanani chomwe chinapezedwa ku Tel Lakishi chili ndi zilembo 17 kuchokera pa gawo loyamba la kupangidwa kwa zilembo za zilembo zomwe zimapanga mawu asanu ndi awiri. Chisa cha minyanga iyi chinapezeka cha m’ma 1700 BC. Kutengera ndi chibwenzichi, akuti zilembozo zidapangidwa cha m'ma 1800 BCE. Koma pali zambiri pa nkhani ya chiyambi cha kalembedwe ka zilembo.
Mu 2004, zinthu zinayi zazing'ono zopangidwa ndi dongo pafupifupi masentimita 4 m'litali zidapezeka pofukula ku Umm el-Marra ku Syria. Zojambulazo zidapezeka mu zigawo za Early Bronze Age, za 2300 BCE. Zibwenzi za Carbon zidatsimikizira kuti zidachokera ku 2400 BCE. Zinthu za cylindrical zimakhala ndi zilembo zomwe zidatsimikiziridwa kukhala zolembedwa koma mwachiwonekere osati logo-syllabic cuneiform. Zolembazo zili ndi zofananira ndi zolemba za Aigupto koma zimawoneka ngati zilembo za Semitic.
Posachedwapa wofufuzayo ananena kuti zolembera pamasilinda adothi ndi zizindikiro zoimira mawu ofanana ndi a, i, k, l, n, s ndi y. Komabe, zolembedwazo sizinamasuliridwe komabe tanthauzo lenileni silikudziwika.
Funso loti umboni wakale kwambiri wa zilembo za zilembo ndi wa 2400 BCE udzakhazikika bwino pamene matanthauzo a zolemba pazitsulo zadongo zomwe zimapezeka pa Umm el-Marra site ku 2004 zidzawululidwa mu phunziro lililonse lamtsogolo.
***
Zothandizira:
- Leiden University. Nkhani - Mndandanda wamawu akale odziwika bwino a zilembo zapezeka. Yolembedwa pa 05 November 2015. Ikupezeka pa https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/news/2015/11/earliest-known-alphabetic-word-list-discovered
- Yunivesite ya Chiheberi. Chigamulo Choyamba Chimene Chinalembedwa M'chinenero Chachikanani Chapezeka ku Tel Lakisi: Chihebri U. Unearths Chisa cha Ivory kuyambira 1700 BCE Cholembedwa ndi Pempho Lothetsa nsabwe—"Mnyanga [wa njovu] uwu uzule nsabwe za m'matsitsi ndi ndevu". Yolembedwa pa Novembara 13, 2022. Ipezeka pa https://en.huji.ac.il/news/first-sentence-ever-written-canaanite-language-discovered-tel-lachish-hebrew-u
- Vainstub, D., 2022. Cholinga cha Akanani Chothetsa nsabwe pa Chisa Cholembedwa cha Minyanga ya Njovu kuchokera ku Lakisi. Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology, 2022; 2:76 WOYERA: https://doi.org/10.52486/01.00002.4
- Johns Hopkins University. Nkhani -Kulemba kwa zilembo mwina kunayamba zaka 500 m'mbuyomu kuposa momwe amakhulupilira. Yolembedwa pa Julayi 13, 2021 https://hub.jhu.edu/2021/07/13/alphabetic-writing-500-years-earlier-glenn-schwartz/
- Johns Hopkins University. Nkhani - Umboni wa zilembo zakale kwambiri zodziwika bwino zopezeka mumzinda wakale wa Syria. Yolembedwa pa Novembara 21, 2024. Ipezeka pa https://hub.jhu.edu/2024/11/21/ancient-alphabet-discovered-syria/
***
