Kodi Osaka Anali Athanzi Kuposa Anthu Amakono?

Anthu osonkhanitsa alenje nthawi zambiri amawaona ngati anthu osalankhula anyama omwe amakhala moyo waufupi, womvetsa chisoni. Pankhani ya kupita patsogolo kwa anthu monga ukadaulo, magulu osonkhanitsa alenje anali otsika poyerekeza ndi otukuka amakono. anthu magulu. Komabe, malingaliro osavuta awa amalepheretsa anthu kuzindikira 90%¹ za chisinthiko chathu monga osonkhanitsa alenje, ndipo kuzindikira kumeneko kungatipatse maphunziro amomwe tingakulitsire moyo wabwino posamalira chilengedwe chathu ndi momwe tinasinthira. 

Ndizodziwika bwino kuti osaka alenje anali ndi moyo waufupi kwambiri kuposa amasiku ano anthu, moyo wa alenje ambiri amakhala pakati pa 21 ndi 37 ² poyerekeza ndi nthawi yoyembekezeka ya moyo padziko lonse lapansi ya anthu lero zomwe ndi 70 kuphatikiza³. Komabe, ziwawa, kufa kwa ana ndi zinthu zina zikawongoleredwa, nthawi yayitali ya moyo wa osaka nyama pakubadwa imakhala 70.² zomwe ziri pafupifupi zofanana ndi zamakono anthu.  

Alenje osonkhanitsa amene alipo masiku ano nawonso ali athanzi kwambiri kuposa otukuka anthu. Matenda osapatsirana (NCDs) monga matenda a shuga, matenda a mtima, khansa ndi matenda a Alzheimer ndi osowa kwambiri pakati pa osaka nyama - osakwana 10%. ⁴ opitilira zaka 60 mwa anthu ali ndi matenda osachiritsika, poyerekeza ndi anthu akumatauni amakono pomwe pafupifupi 15% ⁵ a 60 kwa zaka 79 ali ndi matenda a mtima okha (mmodzi mwa zotheka zambiri za NCD). Mlenje wamba wamba nayenso ndi wabwino kwambiri kuposa wamba wa m'tauni anthu, popeza mlenje wamba amakhala ndi mphindi pafupifupi 100 patsiku kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi pang'onopang'ono kapena mwamphamvu kwambiri. ⁴, poyerekeza ndi mphindi 17 za munthu wamkulu waku America ⁷. Mafuta awo apakati amafuta amakhalanso pafupifupi 26% mwa akazi ndi 14% mwa amuna ⁴, poyerekeza ndi mafuta ambiri a ku America akuluakulu a 40% kwa akazi ndi 28% kwa amuna ⁸. 

Komanso, pamene a Nthawi ya Neolithic anayamba (izi nthawi zambiri zimapanga kusintha kuchokera ku kusaka ndi kusonkhanitsa kupita ku ulimi), umoyo of anthu monga anthu anakana ⁶. Kuwonjezeka kwa matenda a mano, matenda opatsirana, ndi kuperewera kwa zakudya m'thupi kunachitika ⁶ ndi chiyambi cha kusintha kwa Neolithic. Palinso chizolowezi chochepetsa kutalika kwa akuluakulu ndi zakudya zomwe zimakonda kwambiri ulimi ⁶. Kuchepetsa kusiyanasiyana kwa zakudya m'zakudya mwina ndi gawo lalikulu la izi. Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, osonkhanitsa alenje amapezanso chakudya chawo m'nthawi yochepa kusiyana ndi alimi, kutanthauza kuti osaka alenje amakhala ndi nthawi yambiri yopuma. ^9. Chodabwitsa kwambiri, kunali njala yocheperako pakati pa alenje kuposa alimi ¹⁰. 

Magulu osonkhanitsa a Hunter analinso ofanana kwambiri kuposa magulu omwe amadalira ulimi ¹¹ chifukwa chuma chochepa chinasonkhanitsidwa kotero kuti anthu sakanatha kupeza mphamvu pa anthu ena, popeza zonse zinali zofunikira kwa gulu. Chifukwa chake, zikuwoneka kuti kuchuluka kwazinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu azichulukirachulukira ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri anthu luso kuyambira chiyambi cha ulimi, ndi kuti zikutheka kuti umoyo za anthu zinasokonezedwa chifukwa cha izi. Ngakhale, momveka bwino zambiri mwazinthu zatsopano monga mankhwala zimatha kusintha anthu thanzi, komabe, zoyambitsa zambiri za kuwonongeka kwa thanzi lamalingaliro ndi thupi ndi chifukwa chakusiyana kwathu ndi mizu yathu yakusaka. 

***

DOI: https://doi.org/10.29198/scieu/2008141

***

Zothandizira:  

1. Daly R.,…. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers. Cambridge University Press. Ikupezeka pa intaneti pa  https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5eEASHGLg3MC&pg=PP2&redir_esc=y&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false  

2. McCauley B., 2018. Chiyembekezo cha Moyo mu Hunter-Gatherers. Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science. Choyamba Paintaneti: 30 November 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_2352-1 Ikupezeka pa intaneti pa https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-319-16999-6_2352-1#:~:text=in%20their%20grandchildren.-,Conclusion,individuals%20living%20in%20developed%20countries. 

3. Max Roser, Esteban Ortiz-Ospina ndi Hannah Ritchie (2013) - "Chiyembekezo cha Moyo". Lofalitsidwa pa intaneti pa OurWorldInData.org. Yabwezedwa kuchokera ku: 'https://ourworldindata.org/life-expectancy' [Njira Yapaintaneti] https://ourworldindata.org/life-expectancy 

4. Pontzer H., Wood BM ndi Raichlen DA 2018. Hunter-gatherers monga zitsanzo paumoyo wa anthu. Ndemanga za Kunenepa Kwambiri. Voliyumu 19, Nkhani S1. Lofalitsidwa koyamba: 03 December 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12785  Ikupezeka pa intaneti pa https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/obr.12785 

5. Mozaffarian D et al. 2015. Matenda a Mtima ndi Ziwerengero za Stroke-2015 Update. Kuzungulira. 2015;131: e29-e322. Ikupezeka pa intaneti pa https://www.heart.org/idc/groups/heart-public/@wcm/@sop/@smd/documents/downloadable/ucm_449846.pdf 

6. Mummert A, Esche E, Robinson J, Armelagos GJ. Kukula ndi mphamvu panthawi ya kusintha kwaulimi: umboni wochokera ku mbiri ya bioarchaeological. Econ Hum Biol. 2011;9(3):284-301. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2011.03.004 Ikupezeka pa intaneti pa https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21507735/ 

7. Romero M., 2012. Kodi Achimereka Amachita Zochita Zotani? Washingtonian. Lofalitsidwa pa May 10, 2012. Likupezeka pa intaneti pa https://www.washingtonian.com/2012/05/10/how-much-do-americans-really-exercise/#:~:text=The%20CDC%20says%20adults%2018,half%20times%20less%20than%20teenagers. 

8. Marie-Pierre St-Onge 2010. Kodi Achimereka Olemera Kwambiri Amakhala Onenepa Kwambiri? Kunenepa Kwambiri (Silver Spring). 2010 Nov; 18(11): ZOTI: https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2010.103 Ikupezeka pa intaneti pa https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3837418/#:~:text=Average%20American%20men%20and%20women,particularly%20in%20lower%20BMI%20categories. 

9. Dyble, M., Thorley, J., Page, AE et al. Kuchita nawo ntchito zaulimi kumalumikizidwa ndi kuchepa kwa nthawi yopumula pakati pa osaka a Agta. Nat Hum Behav 3, 792-796 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-019-0614-6 Ikupezeka pa intaneti pa https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-019-0614-6 

10. Berbesque JC, Marlowe FW, Shaw P, Thompson P. Hunter-gatherers ali ndi njala yochepa kusiyana ndi alimi. Biol Lett. 2014;10(1):20130853. Lofalitsidwa 2014 Jan 8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0853 Ikupezeka pa intaneti pa https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3917328/ 

11. Gray P., 2011. Momwe Alenje-Osonkhanitsa Anasunga Njira Zawo Zofanana. Psychology Today. Yolembedwa pa May 16, 2011. Ipezeka pa intaneti pa  https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/blog/freedom-learn/201105/how-hunter-gatherers-maintained-their-egalitarian-ways  

***